Educational Travel Lesson Plans

England

• Big Ben
• Houses of Parliament
• Westminster Abbey
• Trafalgar Square
• Imperial War Museum, London
• Flanders, Belgium

See above for key literary characters from the Great War.

• Armistice
• Belgium / Flanders
• British Empire
• Cenotaph
• Great War
• George V, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, 1911-1936
• Parliament
• Poppies

England

• Houses of Parliament
• Windsor
• Imperial War Museum, London

See above for key characters in the Road to the Great War.

• Belgium
• British Empire
• The Daily Mail of London
• Domestic policy
• Dreadnaughts
• Foreign policy
• German Reich
• Great War
• Parliament
• Punch Magazine
• The Times of London
• Treaty of London 1839

 

England

• Windsor
• Houses of Parliament
• Poet’s Corner, Westminster Abbey
• Imperial War Museum, London

• Chemical Warfare
• Chlorine gas
• Great War
• Mustard gas
• Shell shock
• Trench Warfare
• Western Front
• Wilfred Owen

England

• Windsor
• Houses of Parliament
• Westminster Abbey
• Churchill War Rooms
• Imperial War Museum, London

• Battle of Britain
• BBC – British Broadcasting Company
• The London Blitz of 1940-41
• Maginot Line
• Miracle of Dunkirk
• Parliament        
• Propaganda
• Royal Air Force
• Winston Churchill

England

• St. Paul’s Cathedral, London

• Battle of Britain
• BBC – British Broadcasting Company
• Daily Mail – London Newspaper
• The London Blitz of 1940-41
• Luftwaffe
• Parliament
• Propaganda
• Royal Air Force
• St. Paul’s Cathedral
• Winston Churchill

England

• Westminster Abbey
• Parliament

British Library

Cavaliers

Commonwealth

Constitution

English Bill of Rights

Human rights

Oliver Cromwell

Parliament

Political rights

Restoration

Rule of law

Tories

William and Mary

England

• Windsor
• Houses of Parliament
• Westminster Abbey
• Tower of London

• Act of Supremacy
• Church of England
• Reformation
• Roman Catholic Church

 

England

• Windsor
• Houses of Parliament
• Westminster Abbey

• Age of Reason
• Declaration of Independence
• Enlightenment
• Natural Rights
• John Locke
• Philosophe
• Philosophy
• Scientific Revolution
• Thomas Jefferson

England

• Westminster Abbey
• London Bridge
• St Paul’s Cathedral

Black plague

Christopher Wren

Fire brigade

Great London Fire of 1666

London Bridge

Museum of London

Natural disaster

Samuel Pepys

St. Paul’s Cathedral

UK National Archives

Urban planning

England

• Westminster Abbey
• Parliament
• British Library

• British Library
• Constitution
• Founding fathers
• Habeas Corpus
• Human rights
• King John I
• Political rights
• Rule of law
• UK National Archives
• US National Archives

 

England

• Tower of London
• River Thames, London
• Bayeux Tapestry, Normandy
• National Archives, Kew

• Anglo-Saxons
• Battle of Hastings 1066
• Bayeux Tapestry
• BBC – Brit. Broadcasting Co.
• Domesday Book
• Feudalism
• Normandy
• Normans
• Tower of London
• UK National Archives
• William the Conqueror

England

• Westminster Abbey, Poet’s Corner
• Charles Dickens Museum, London

• Bourgeoisie
• Daily Telegraph
• Debtors Prison (UK)
• Proletariat
• Socialism
• Victorian
• Workhouses

France

• Place de la Bastille
• Place de la Concorde
• Palais de Justice
• Pantheon, Paris

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)
• Enlightenment
• French Constitution of 1793
• General Will
• Natural Rights
• Philosophe
• Philosophy
• Robespierre
• Rousseau
• Scientific Revolution

France

• Place de la Bastille
• Place de la Concorde
• Palais de Justice
• Pantheon, Paris

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)
• Enlightenment
• French Constitution of 1793
• Natural Rights
• Philosophe
• Philosophy
• Satire
• Scientific Revolution
• Social Contract
• Voltaire

 

France

• Versailles
• Champs-Elysses
• Place Clemenceau
• Assemblee Nationale
• Clemenceau Museum

• Alsace-Lorraine
• Clemenceau
• Great War
• German War Guilt
• Reparations
• Treaty of Versailles 1919
• Versailles

France

• Museum of the Great War, Peronne
• Verdun Battlefield
• Verdun Memorial Museum
• Douaumont Ossuary, Verdun

• Breakthrough
• Great War
• Marshall Petain
• Trench warfare
• Verdun
• War of Attrition

 

France

• Museum of the Great War, Peronne
• Marne Battlefield
• Place Joffre
• Ecole Miltaire
• Place Vauban

• Battle of the Marne (First)
• Ferdinand Foch
• Joseph Joffre
• Marne River
• Plan 17
• Schlieffen Plan
• Stalemate
• Western Front

France

• Place de la Bastille
• Place de la Concorde
• Palais de Justice
• Palace of Versailles
• Cathedral Basilica of St. Denis
• Musée Carnavalet

• 1st Estate
• 2nd Estate
• 3rd Estate
• Bourgeois / Bourgeoisie
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Estates General
• National Assembly

 

France

• Les Invalides
• Notre Dame
• Tuileries Garden
• Louvre
• Hotel de Toulouse, Bank of France

 

 

 

• Banque of France
• Code Napoleon
• Lycee
• Napoleon Bonaparte

 

France

• Place de la Concorde
• Palais de Justice
• Paris Catacombs

• 1st Estate
• 2nd Estate
• 3rd Estate
• Bourgeois / Bourgeoisie
• Committee of Public Safety
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Estates General
• Jacobins
• National Assembly
• National Convention
• Reign of Terror
• Robespierre
• Sans-Culottes

 

France

• Arc de Triomphe
• Place Charles de Gaulle
• Boulevard Haussmann
• Avenue Foch

• Barron Haussmann
• Boulevard
• Bourgeoisie
• June Days
• Napoleon III
• Proletariat
• Revolution of 1848
• Urban Planning

France

• Domremy, Lorraine Province
• Joan of Arc Monument, Rouen
• Palace Cardinal – Lucon, Reims
• Place des Pyramides, Paris
• Louvre, Paris
• Pantheon, Paris

• Charles VII
• Heretic
• Hundred Years War
• Inquisition
• Joan of Arc

Spain

• Reina Sofia Museum, Madrid
• Plaza de Dali, Madrid
• Thyssen Museum, Madrid
• Museo del Prado, Madrid
• Academie de Paris
• Espace Dali, Paris

 

 

 

 

• Avant-garde
• Bourgeois culture
• Interwar Europe
• Luis Bunuel
• Salvador Dali
• Surrealism

France

• Versailles
• Louvre
• Place Vendome

• Cardinal Richelieu
• Divine Right
• Edict of Nantes
• Louis XIV
• Nobility    
• Sun King
• Versailles

Puerto Rico

• San Juan, Puerto Rico

• Colony
• Imperialism
• Spanish American War
• Yellow Journalism

Ireland

• General Post Office, Dublin
• Kilmainham Gaol Museum, Dublin

• Easter Rising
• General Post Office, Dublin
• Home Rule
• Irish Republican Army
• Irish Republican Brotherhood
• Michael Collins
• Patrick Pearse
• Sinn Fein

Ireland

• St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin
• Down Cathedral, Downpatrick
• Parish of St. Patrick, Belfast
• Trinity College Library, Dublin

• Christianity
• Conversion
• Irish national identity
• Shamrock
• St. Patrick

Ireland

• Wolfe Tone Memorial, Dublin
• 1798 Rebellion Memorial, Belfast
• 1798 Memorials across Ireland

• Catholics
• French Republic under the Directory
• Irish Rebellion of 1798
• Protestants
• Republicanism in Ireland
• Ulster
• United Irishmen
• Wolfe Tome

 

Ireland

• Custom’s House Quay, Dublin
• Irish Gamine Museum, Strokestown
• Ireland Park, Toronto, Canada

• Blight
• Diaspora
• Disease
• Emaciated
• Emigration
• Famine
• Ireland
• Migration
• Subsistence

Ireland

• Stormont, Belfast
• Belfast Murals and Peace Walls
• Irish Parliament, Dublin

• Bloody Sunday
• Catholic
• Good Friday Agreement
• Murals
• Northern Ireland
• Peace Walls
• Protestant
• Republicans
• Sinn Fein
• The Troubles
• Unionists

Spain

• Muslim Wall, Madrid
• Islamic Cultural Center, Madrid
• Great Mosque, Cordoba
• Granada, Spain
• Toledo, Spain

• Al-Andalus
• Cordoba
• Ferdinand II and Isabella I
• Granada
• Iberian Peninsula
• Islam
• Madrid
• Medieval
• Moorish Culture
• Mosque
• Reconquista

Spain

• Plaza de Colón, Madrid
• Cathedral of Seville
• Royal Cathedral of Granada
• El Museo Naval Madrid
• Palos de la Frontera, Huelva

• Age of Exploration
• Christopher Columbus
• Ferdinand II and Isabella I
• San Salvador
• Medieval
• Reconquista

 

Spain

• Plaza de Colon, Madrid
• Cathedral of Seville
• Royal Cathedral of Granada
• Alcazar of Toledo

• Al-Andalus
• Cordoba
• Ferdinand II and Isabella I
• Granada
• Iberian Peninsula
• Islam
• Madrid
• Medieval
• Moorish Culture
• Mosque
• Reconquista

 

Spain

• University of Madrid
• Jarma River Valley
• Valley of the Fallen

• Abraham Lincoln Brigade
• Comintern
• Communism
• Fascism
• Franco
• International Brigades
• Second Republic (Spain)
• Neutrality
• Socialism
• Spanish Civil War

Italy

• Vatican City
• Sistine Chapel
• St. Peter’s Square

• Bishop of Rome
• Cardinal
• Catholic
• Conclave
• Habemus Papam
• Pope
• Sistine Chapel
• Vatican City

Italy

• Piazza Venezia
• EUR, Roman Suburb
• Foro Italico

• Corporatism
• Il Duce
• Fascism
• Militarism
• Mussolini
• Claretta Petacci
• Propaganda
• Roman Empire
• Socialism

Italy

• Vatican City
• Lateran Palace
• Piazza Venezia
• Vittorio Emanuele Monument
• Pantheon
• Aurelian Wall

• Concordat
• Encyclical
• Holy See
• Italian Unification
• Lateran Accords
• Mazzini
• Mussolini
• Nationalism
• Papal States
• Pius IX
• Pius XI
• Propaganda
• Risorgimento
• Roman Question
• Temporal power
• Vatican City
• Vittorio Emanuele II

 

Italy

• Forum Romanum, Rome
• Piazza della Signoria, Florence
• Louvre, Paris
• National Gallery, London

• Livy (Titus Livius Patavinus)
• Plutarch (Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus)
• Romulus and Remus
• Sabines
• Sense of Self
• Women in Ancient Rome

Italy

• Forum Romanum, Rome
• Capitoline Museums
• Palatine Hill
• Aventine Hill

• Augury
• Livy (Titus Livius Patavinus)
• Plutarch (Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus)
• Romulus and Remus
• She-wolf
• Sense of Self
• Tiber River

Italy

• Vatican
• Sistine Chapel

• Last Judgment
• Michelangelo
• Reformation
• Renaissance
• Perspective
• Pope Paul III
• Sistine Chapel

Italy

• Vatican City
• Lateran Palace

• Concordat
• Fascism
• Lateran Accords
• Mussolini
• Papal States
• Pius IX
• Pius XI
• Propaganda
• Risorgimento
• Roman Question
• Vatican City

Italy

• Vatican
• Vatican Museums
• Pantheon

• Raphael
• Reformation
• Renaissance
• Perspective
• Philosophy
• Pope Julius II
• School of Athens
• Vatican Palace

Italy

• Forum Romanum
• Curia Julia
• Vatican Museums
• Various Aqueducts
• Pantheon
• Trajan’s Column

• Aqueduct
• Augustus Caesar
• Concrete
• Emperor
• Hadrian
• Marcus Aurelius
• Pax Romana
• Pliny the Elder
• Roman Baths
• Roman Empire
• Roman Senate

Italy

• Forum Romanum
• Curia Julia
• Carthage

• Aqueduct Carthage
• Cato the Elder
• Hannibal
• Iberian Peninsula
• Livy (Titus Livius Patavinus)
• Phoenicia
• Plutarch (Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus)
• Punic
• Roman Senate
• Scipio Africanus the elder
• Scipio Africanus the younger
• Sicily

 

Greece

• Plato’s Academy Ruins, Athens
• National Academy, Athens

• Allegory
• Plato
• Platonic
• Philosophy
• Socrates
• True Forms
• Wisdom

Germany

• Luther Museum, Wittenberg
• All Saint’s Church, Wittenberg
• St Mary’s Church, Wittenberg
• Luther birthplace, Eisleben
• Gutenberg Museum, Mainz
• Luther Memorial, Worms

• Catholic Church
• Indulgences
• Justification / Salvation
• Martin Luther
• Papal Bull
• Protestant
• Reformation
• Romans (book of)

Germany

• Marx-Engels Statue, Berlin
• Museum Karl Marx Haus, Trier
• British Museum, London
• Highgate Cemetery, London

• Bourgeoisie
• Communism
• Communist Manifesto
• Fredrich Engels
• Karl Marx
• Marxism
• Proletariat
• Socialism

The Netherlands

• Anne Frank House, Amsterdam
• Anne Frank Museum, Berlin
• Bergen-Belsen Camp, Lower Saxony

• Anne Frank
• Auschwitz
• Bergan-Belsen
• Concentration camp
• Final Solution to the Jewish Question
• Nazi
• Occupied Holland

Czech Republic

• Museum of Communism, Prague
• National Museum, Prague

• Brezhnev
• Communist
• Czechoslovakia
• Dubcek
• Prague Spring
• Repression
• Single-Party rule
• Soviet Union

 

Germany

• Dachau Concentration Camp

• Concentration camp
• Dachau Concentration Camp
• Final Solution to the Jewish Question
• Holocaust
• Nazi
• Political prisoner

 

Peru

• Lima, Peru
• Cuzco, Peru
• Urubamba Valley, Peru

 

 

• Atahualpa
• Conquest
• Conquistadores
• Incas
• New World
• Peru
• Pizarro

Austria

• Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna
• Hofburg Palace, Vienna
• Josefsplatz, Vienna
• Imperial Crypt, Vienna

• Austrian empire
• Enlightenment
• Hapsburg family
• Joseph II
• Philosophe
• Philosophy
• Reform
• Social Contract

 

 

Germany

• Bismarck Memorial, Berlin
• Bismarck statues around Germany

• Alliance
• Austrian empire
• German Empire
• Kingdom of Italy
• Militarism
• Otto von Bismarck
• Triple Alliance
• Kaiser William I
• Kaiser William II

Germany

• Bismarck Memorial, Berlin
• Bismarck statues around Germany

• Otto von Bismarck
• Socialism
• State Socialism
• Universal Suffrage

 

Germany

• Bismarck Memorial, Berlin
• Bismarck statues around Germany

• Berlin Conference of 1884
• Colonies
• Imperialism
• Otto von Bismarck
• Scramble for Africa

Germany

• St Paul’s Church, Frankfurt
• National Museum, Nuremburg

• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Bourgeoisie
• Constitution
• Constitutional Monarchy
• Frankfurt Assembly (also known as the Frankfurt Parliament)
• Fredrich William IV
• Hapsburgs
• Junkers
• Proletariat
• Prussian Empire
• Revolutions of 1848
• Shared-power

Germany

• Invalids’ Cemetery, Berlin
• Museum of the Great War, Péronne, France

• Flanking maneuver
• Great War
• Schlieffen Plan
• Two-front war

 

 

Germany

• Bismarck Memorial, Berlin
• Bismarck statues around Germany

• German Unification
• Nationalism
• Otto von Bismarck
• Realpolitik
• William I

Germany

• Bauhaus Museum, Berlin
• New National gallery, Berlin
• Bauhaus Buildings, Dessau

• Bauhaus
• Gropius
• Internationalism
• Modernism
• Socialism

Spain

• Statue of King Philip III, Plaza Mayor, Madrid

• adoptar to adopt
• el antepasado ancestor
• el/la árabe Arab
• asimilar(se) to assimilate
• cristiano, -a Christian
• dejar huellas to leave marks, traces
• la descendencia descent, ancestry
• la época time, era
• expulsar to expel
• el grupo étnico ethnic group
• la herencia heritage
• el idioma language
• la influencia influence
• integrarse to integrate
• la mezcla mix
• el musulmán, la musulmana Muslim
• la raza race
• el resultado result, outcome
• la semejanza similarity
• la unidad unity

 

 

 

 

 

Spain

• Museo del Prado, Madrid

• a través de through
• abstracto, -a abstract
• el autorretrato self-portrait
• destacar(se) to stand out
• la cerámica pottery
• la escultura sculpture
• exagerar to exaggerate
• expresar(se) to express (oneself)
• la figura figure
• el fondo background
• el gesto gesture
• identificarse con to identify with
• la imagen image
• influir to influence
• inspirar to inspire
• la interpretación interpretation
• interpretar to interpret
• mostrar to show
• el mural mural
• la naturaleza muerta still life
• la obra de arte work of art
• parecerse (a) to look, seem (like)
• la pintura painting
• el primer plano foreground
• representar to represent
• la reseña review
• el retrato portrait
• el sentimiento feeling
• el siglo century
• el tema subject
  
  
• al lado de next to, beside
• cerca de close to
• debajo de underneath
• delante de in front of
• dentro de inside of
• detrás de behind
• encima de on top of
• enfrente de in front of
• entre between
• hay there is, there are
• lejos de far from
• sobre over, above

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spain

• Toledo, Spain
• Alcázar of Toledo
• The Primate Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo
• Church of Santo Tomé
• San Juan de los Reyes Monastery
• Sinagoga de Santa María la Blanca
• Sinagoga del Tránsito

• el alma soul
• el árabe Arabic
• la Biblia Bible
• el cielo heaven
• el Corán Qur’an
• la creencia belief
• el cristianismo Christianity
• el día de Juicio Judgment Day
• el hebreo Hebrew
• la iglesia church
• el Infierno Hell
• el Islam Islam
• la fe faith
• el judaísmo Judaism
• el lugar de culto religious house
• la mezquita mosque
• el monoteísmo monotheism
• el musulmán, -mana Muslim
• la oración prayer
• el Paraíso Paradise
• la paz peace
• la peregrinación pilgrimage
• el profeta prophet
• el redentor redeemer
• el Sabat Sabbath
• el santuario shrine
• el seguidor follower
• la sinagoga synagogue
• el texto sagrado sacred text

Spain

• Palacio Real, Madrid

• la abuela grandmother
• el abuelo grandfather
• el árbol genealógico family tree
• la bisabuela great-grandmother
• el bisabuelo great-grandfather
• la cuñada sister-in-law
• el cuñado brother-in-law
• la esposa wife
• el esposo husband
• los gemelos twins
• la hermana sister
• la hermanastra stepsister
• el hermanastro stepbrother
• el hermano brother
• la hija daughter
• la hijastra stepdaughter
• el hijastro stepson
• el hijo son
• la madrastra stepmother
• la madre (mamá) mother
• mayor older
• menor younger
• la nieta granddaughter
• el nieto grandson
• la nuera daughter-in-law
• el padrastro stepfather
• el padre (papá) father
• la prima cousin (female)
• el primo cousin (male)
• la sobrina niece
• el sobrino nephew
• la suegra mother-in-law
• el suegro father-in-law
• la tía aunt
• el tío uncle
• el yerno son-in-law

 

 

Spain

• The Valley of the Fallen, El Escorial

• adecuado, -a adequate
• asegurar to assure
• el castigo punishment
• estar sujeto a to be subject to
• funcionar to function
• la garantía guarantee
• la (in)justicia (in)justice
• el juicio judgment
• juzgar to judge
• maltratar to mistreat
• mundial worldwide
• obligar to force
• la paz peace
• la prensa the press
• proponer to propose, to suggest
• la propuesta proposal
• el punto de vista point of view
• satisfactorio, -a satisfactory
• sufrir to suffer
• la tolerancia tolerance
• tratar to treat
• el valor value
• violar to violate
• votar to vote
  
  
• ambos both
• ante before, in the presence of
• de ese modo in that way
• de modo que so, so that
• en cuanto a with respect to
• la falta de lack of
• llegar a to reach, to get to
• por un lado on the one hand
• por otro lado on the other hand

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

England

• Stonehenge
• British Museum, London

• Ancient
• Celts
• Druids
• Megalithic
• Monolithic
• Stonehenge

England

• Hadrian’s Wall
• British Museum, London

• Barbarians
• Frontier
• Hadrian
• Roman Empire

 

England

• Hadrian’s Wall
• British Museum, London
• Roman Wall, London
• Roman Baths, Bath
• Roman Legion Museum, Wales
• Roman ruins around the UK

• Britain
• Caesar
• Celtic
• Culture
• London
• Roman
• Roman Baths

 

England

• Many Arthurian Sites in Britain
• King Arthur Hall, Tintagel

• Anglo-Saxons
• Arthurian
• Britons
• Celts
• King Arthur
• Legend

England

• British Library
• British Museum, London
• Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

• Anglo-Saxon
• Britain
• Britons
• Germanic culture
• Norman
• Old English

 

England

• British Library
• Dunham Cathedral, Dunham
• Bede’s World, Jarrow

• Anglo-Saxon
• Bede
• Ecclesiastical
• History
• Latin Christendom
• Monk

 

England

• British Library

• Anglo-Saxon
• Beowulf
• Epic
• Heroic poetry
• Grendel
• Nowell Codex
• Scandinavia

 

England

• Canterbury Cathedral
• Westminster Abbey
• Fontevraud Abbey, Chinon, France

• Archbishop of Canterbury
• Canterbury Cathedral
• Chancellor
• Church / State relations
• Henry II
• Thomas Becket

England

• Sherwood Forest
• Nottingham Castle

• Crusades
• Legend
• Maid Marian
• Merry Men
• Nottingham
• Robin Hood
• Sherwood Forest

 

England

• Westminster Abbey, Poet’s Corner
• Canterbury Cathedral

• Becket
• Canterbury Cathedral
• Chaucer
• Irony
• Lollard
• Middle English
• Pilgrimage
• Vernacular

 

 

England

• Fontevraud Abbey, France
• Rouen Cathedral, France
• Westminster Palace, London
• Jaffa and Acre, Israel
• Jerusalem

• Crusades
• Jihad
• Richard the Lionheart
• Saladin

England

• Tower of London
• Westminster Palace
• Clifford’s Tower, York Castle
• Scawsby Village

• Robert Aske
• Thomas Darcy
• Dissolution of the Monasteries
• English Reformation
• King Henry VIII
• Pilgrimage of Grace

Spain

• The Valley of the Fallen, El Escorial

• motion a proposal formally made to an assembly or committee
• First Proposition introduces the case (opinion/arguments) of the Proposition, defines the motion (in order to prevent any confusion), outlines case division for the Proposition team line (names of speakers / brief description of their argument), delivers arguments in support of the motion
• First Opposition accepts/challenges/expands definitions (as necessary), delivers opposition’s clarifications, rebuts First Proposition’s arguments, outlines case division for the Opposition team line (names of speakers / brief description of their argument), delivers arguments opposing the motion
• Second Proposition defends Proposition’s definition (if challenged), rebuts First Opposition’s arguments, defends First Proposition’s arguments (if necessary), delivers additional arguments in support of the motion
• Second Opposition re-challenges definition (if already challenged), rebuts Second Proposition’s arguments, rebuts First Proposition’s arguments (if necessary), defends First Opposition’s arguments (if necessary), delivers additional arguments opposing the motion
• Third Proposition defends definition (if challenged), rebuts the Opposition’s arguments, defends Proposition’s arguments (if necessary), provides quick summary of Proposition’s case
• Third Opposition re-challenges definition (if challenged), rebuts the Proposition’s arguments, defends Opposition’s arguments (if necessary), provides quick summary of Opposition’s case
• Proposition Reply (in a biased way) outlines one or more points of contention that the debate has centered around, evaluates the course of the debate, declares the reasoning of their team’s victory
• Opposition Reply (in a biased way) outlines one or more points of contention that the debate has centered around, evaluates the course of the debate, declares the reasoning of their team’s victory

England

• Tower of London
• Lennon Peace Monument, Liverpool
• Place de la Concorde, Paris
• Pantheon, Paris

• Candide
• El Dorado
• John Lennon
• Thomas More
• Utopia
• Utopian Philosophy
• Voltaire

 

Italy

• Duomo of Florence
• Tomb of Dante, Ravenna
• Uffizi Museum, Florence
• Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence
• Dante Statue, Verona

• Allegory
• Boniface VIII
• Dante
• Divine Comedy
• Florentine
• Medieval
• Virgil

Italy

• Duomo of Florence
• Tomb of Dante, Ravenna
• Uffizi Museum, Florence
• Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence
• Dante Statue, Verona

• Allegory
• Boniface VIII
• Dante
• Divine Comedy
• Florentine
• Medieval
• Virgil

Italy

• Duomo of Florence
• Tomb of Dante, Ravenna
• Uffizi Museum, Florence
• Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence
• Dante Statue, Verona

• Allegory
• Boniface VIII
• Dante
• Divine Comedy
• Florentine
• Medieval
• Virgil

Italy

• Uffizi Museum, Florence
• Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence
• Palazzo Vecchio, Florence

• Florence
• Machiavelli
• Medici family
• The Prince
• Renaissance

Italy

• Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

• Brunelleschi
• Cupola
• Duomo
• Florence
• Medici family
• Perspective
• Renaissance

Italy

• Westminster Abbey, London
• Capella di Piazza, Siena, Italy
• Boccaccio statue, Uffizi, Florence
• Petrarch statue, Uffizi, Florence

• Black Death
• Bubonic Plague
• Flagellant
• Lymphatic system
• Yersinia Pestis

Italy

• Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence
• Cosimo de Médici Monument, Florence
• Uffizi Museum, Florence
• Pitti Palace, Florence

 

 

 

• Banking
• Florence
• Medici family
• Patronage
• Renaissance
• Uffizi

Italy

• Duomo, Florence
• Campanile (bell tower), Florence
• Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua
• Giotto statue, Uffizi Museum, Florence

• Dimension
• Fresco
• Giotto
• Linear Perspective
• Medieval
• Realism
• Renaissance

Italy

• Uffizi Museum, Florence
• Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence
• Orsanmichele, Florence
• Bargello Museum, Florence
• Colleoni Statue, Venice

• Apprentice
• Biblical David
• Bronze cast
• Florentine
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Renaissance
• Sculpture
• Verrocchio

Italy

• Uffizi Museum, Florence
• Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence
• Orsanmichele, Florence
• Bargello Museum, Florence
• Basilica di San Lorenzo, Florence

 

 

• Apprentice
• Biblical David
• Bronze cast
• Donatello
• Florentine
• Renaissance
• Sculpture

Italy

• Academia Museum, Florence
• Michelangelo Museum, Caprese

• Apprentice
• Biblical David
• Carving
• Florentine
• Michelangelo
• Renaissance
• Sculpture

Italy

• Uffizi Museum, Florence
• Ognissanti (All-Saints) Church, Florence

• Apprentice
• Botticelli
• Florentine
• Medici family
• Neo-platonic movement
• Plato
• Renaissance
• Venus (goddess)

Italy

• St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City

• Apprentice
• Biblical David
• Carving
• Florentine
• Michelangelo
• Renaissance
• Sculpture

Italy

• Sistine Chapel, Vatican

• Fresco
• Julius II
• Michelangelo
• Renaissance
• Sistine Chapel

Italy

• Basilica di San Marco, Venice
• St. Mark’s Square, Venice

• Basilica
• Byzantine
• Evangelist
• Identity
• Mosaic
• St. Mark
• Venice

Italy

• Doge’s Palace, Venice
• St. Mark’s Square, Venice

• Bicameral
• Citizen
• Democratic
• Doge
• Executive
• Legislature
• Merchant
• Republic
• Venice

Italy

• Marco Polo Airport, Venice
• Marco Polo House, Venice
• Polo Memorial, Yangzhou, China

• Chronicle
• Marco Polo
• Silk Road
• Venice

Italy

• Doge’s Palace, Venice
• St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice
• Basilica Treasury, Venice
• Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
• Archaeological Museum, Istanbul

• Byzantium/Byzantine
• Constantinople
• Crusade
• Doge
• Republic
• Sack (of a city)
• Venice

Russia

• Peter the Great Statue, Moscow
• Bronze Horseman, St. Petersburg
• Peter & Paul Cathedral, St Petersburg
• Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
• Peterhof Palace, St. Petersburg

• Moscow
• Peter the Great
• Reforms
• Russia
• St. Petersburg
• Tsar/Czar
• Westernization

Russia

• Dostoevsky Museum, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Monument, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Station, St. Petersburg
• Nevsky Monastery, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Monument, Moscow

• Dostoevsky
• Industrialization
• Literary
• Naturalism
• Socialism
• Revolution

Russia

• Dostoevsky Museum, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Monument, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Station, St. Petersburg
• Nevsky Monastery, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Monument, Moscow

• Dostoevsky
• Existentialism
• Industrialization
• Literary
• Naturalism
• Notes from Underground
• St. Petersburg

 

Russia

• Bronze Horseman Statue, St. Petersburg
• Column of Glory, St. Petersburg

• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Balkans
• Bosnia
• Panslavic Conference of 1848
• Panslavism
• Russo-Turkish War
• Slavs
• Tsar/Czar

Russia

• Lenin’s Mausoleum, Moscow

• Bolsheviks
• Brest-Litovsk
• Eastern Front
• Great War
• Lenin
• Reparations
• Soviet
• Trotsky

Russia

• Lenin’s Mausoleum, Moscow

• Bolsheviks
• Lenin
• Marxist
• October Revolution
• Socialist
• Soviet

France

• Papal Palace, Avignon

• Antipope
• Avignon
• Babylonian Captivity of the Church
• Boniface VIII
• Clement V
• Excommunication
• Great Western Schism
• Papacy
• Papal Bull
• Petrarch

Switzerland

• Reformation Wall, Geneva
• University of Geneva
• College Calvin, Geneva
• Cemetery of Kings, Geneva
• Museum of the Reformation, Geneva
• John Calvin Museum, Noyon, France

• Calvin
• Elect
• Predestination
• Protestant
• Puritans
• Reformation
• Reformed Churches

Mexico

• Spain
• Morocco
• Mexico

• photo essay a series of images that form a story when viewed as a group.  Sometimes photo essays include text (titles, captions, introductory paragraphs, accompanying articles).  Text and photographs can work together to reinforce the point of the photographer/author.  Photos may be intended to be viewed in a certain order, or may simply be a collection of images.  The series attempts to do one or more of the following: reveal, inform, entertain, persuade, and/or compare and contrast.  Most photo essays express a point of view.  (Complete objectivity may be impossible, or undesirable.)
• documentary photography photographs used to chronicle significant and/or historical events
• objective based on facts; unbiased
• subjective biased; based on someone’s mood, attitude, opinion, etc.

Mexico

• Spain
• Morocco
• Mexico

• el acontecimiento event
• comparar to compare
• contrastar to contrast
• destacar(se) to stand out
• el documento fotográfico photo essay
• el entorno surroundings
• entretener to entertain
• el estado de ánimo mood
• identificarse con to identify oneself with
• informar to inform
• inmigración immigration
• el fondo background
• la frontera border
• el lenguaje corporal body language
• objetivo/a objective
• la opinión pública public opinion
• persuadir to persuade
• el propósito purpose, intent
• puesta en escena staged
• el punto de vista point of view
• reforzar to reinforce
• revelar to reveal
• subjetivo subjective
• el sujeto individual subject

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spain

• Huerta de San Vicente, Parque Federico García Lorca, Granada
• Statue of Federico García Lorca, Avenida de la Constitución, Granada
• Parque Federico García Lorca and Fuente Grande, Alfacar, Granada
• Barranco de Víznar, Granada
• Statue of Federico García Lorca, Plaza de Santa Ana, Madrid
• Bust of Federico García Lorca, Santoña, Cantabria

 

 

• el alba dawn
• la almendra almond
• la azotea flat roof
• la benemérita the Civil Guard
• la cadera hip
• la calabaza pumpkin
• la calavera skull
• la canela cinnamon
• la cartuchera holster
• las castañuelas castanets
• la cera wax
• la charol patent leather
• la cigüeña stork
• la crencha part (in hair)
• la espuela spur
• el estandarte insignia; banner
• la Guardia Civil Civil Guard
• el farol lantern
• la fragua forge
• el gitano gypsy
• la herradura horseshoe
• la hoguera bonfire
• la penumbra shadows
• el plomo lead
• el remolino whirlwind
• la seda silk
• la siempreviva houseleek
• la trenza braid
• la veleta weather-vane
• la vitrina shop window

 

Spain

• Huerta de San Vicente, Parque Federico García Lorca, Granada
• Statue of Federico García Lorca, Avenida de la Constitución, Granada
• Parque Federico García Lorca and Fuente Grande, Alfacar, Granada
• Barranco de Víznar, Granada
• Statue of Federico García Lorca, Plaza de Santa Ana, Madrid
• Bust of Federico García Lorca, Santoña, Cantabria

• ballad  a simple narrative poem of folk origin, composed in short stanzas and adapted for singing
• castanets  a pair of concave pieces of wood held in the palm of the hand and clicked together, usually to accompany dancing
• Civil Guard  a military force (in this case in Spain) employed with police duties among civilian populations
• gitano (gypsy)  Originally from the Indian subcontinent, the gypsies entered Europe in the 13th century.  They were thought to be from Egypt, and so were called Egyptians (this is where the word “gypsy” comes from).  There are now Gypsy populations across the world.  One of the most notable is in Andalusian (southern) Spain.  Gitanos (gypsies) are often perceived as “real Spain”, expressed by the term “España Cañí”, which means both “Gypsy Spain” and “Traditional/Folkloric Spain.”  Gypsy culture has influenced Spanish culture, and vice-versa.  Gypsy culture is diverse from group to group, but is usually defined by loyalty to family, the ability to speak Romani, the sense of freedom as a natural condition of a person, and a cohesion as a group.  They have an unwritten culture, spoken from generation to generation, making it very vivid and representative of the whole people.  They have also been the victim of much persecution, most notably by the Nazis during World War II (responsible for the deaths of up to 1 million Roma).
• Jerez de la Frontera (also called Jerez)  a city in southwestern Spain, known for its sherry (wine)

France

• Vercingetorix Statue, Clermont-Ferrand
• Museum Crozatier, Auvergne
• Museum Calvet, Avignon
• Various Roman Ruins in France
• Nimes Amphitheatre
• Grand Roman Theatre, Lyon
• National Archaeological Museum

• Barbarians
• Caesar
• Frontier
• Gaul
• Roman Republic
• Siege
• Unity

France

• Martel Statue, Palace of Versailles
• St. Denis Crypt, Paris

• Battle of Tours / Poitiers, 732 CE
• Charles Martel
• Christendom
• Franks
• Muslim
• Umayyad Caliphate

France

• Protestant Museum, Paris
• Musee du Desert, Mialet
• Temple Protestant de l‘Oratoire, Paris

• Calvin
• Edict of Fontainebleau
• Edict of Nantes
• French Wars of Religion
• Huguenot
• Protestant
• Reformation
• Reformed Churches

France

• Maginot Line Hackenberg, Veckring
• Ouvrage Schoenbourg, Alsace Dept.
• Maginot Memorial, Verdun
• Fort Fermont, Longuyon
• Various forts along the Maginot Line

• Alsace-Lorraine
• Andre Maginot
• Defensive fortifications
• Fall of France (1940)
• Fortress
• Great War
• Maginot Line
• Treaty of Versailles

Costa Rica

• Pepe Figures Statue, San Jose
• Plaza de la Democracia, San Jose
• 10,000 Colones (Costa Rican Money)

• Civil war
• Constitution
• Costa Rica
• Election
• Jose Figueres Ferrer
• President

Greece

• Temple of Apollo, Delphi
• Athens Academy
• Athens Agora
• Socrates Prison, Athens

• Ancient Greece
• Philosophy
• Platonic Dialogues
• Socrates
• Socratic Method
• Wisdom vs. Knowledge

Greece

• Palace of Knossos, Crete
• Herakilion Archaeological Museum

 

• Ancient Greece
• Knossos
• Labyrinth
• Minoans
• King Minos
• Mycenaeans
• Minotaur

 

Greece

• Ancient Athens
• Agora of Athens

• Ancient Greece
• Athens
• Direct Democracy

Greece

• Ancient Sparta

• Ancient Greece
• Sparta

Greece

• Ancient City of Troy, Turkey
• Ancient Athens
• Ancient Sparta
• Ancient Mycenae
• Ancient sites around Greece

• Achilles (of Greece)
• Ancient Greece
• Epic poetry
• Homer (poet)
• Iliad
• Paris (of Troy)
• Trojan War
• Troy

Greece

• Ancient City of Troy, Turkey
• Ancient Athens
• Ancient Sparta
• Ancient Mycenae
• Ancient sites around Greece

• Ancient Greece
• Cyclops
• Epic poetry
• Hades
• Homer (poet)
• Odysseus
• Odyssey
• Sirens
• Trojan War
• Troy

Greece

• Marathon Battlefield
• Pheidippides statue, Rafina
• Athens Agora

• Ancient Greece
• Athens
• Battle of Marathon
• Flanks
• Persia

Greece

• Thermopylae Battlefield
• Monument to the 300, Thermopylae
• Ancient Sparta

• Ancient Greece
• Battle of Thermopylae
• Leonidas
• Persian Empire
• Xerxes

Greece

• Plato’s Academy Ruins, Athens
• National Academy, Athens
• Athens Agora

• Ancient Greece
• Philosopher
• Philosopher King
• Plato
• Republic
• Socrates
• Wisdom

Russia

• Crimean War Memorial, London
• Crimean War Monument, Halifax, NS
• Crimean War Monument, Sevastopol
• Mon. to the Scuttled Ships, Sevastopol

• Crimea
• Crimean War
• Expansionism
• Florence Nightingale
• Ottoman Empire
• Panslavism
• Russian Empire
• Slavs
• Tsar/Czar

Russia

• Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev
• Motherland Monument, Kiev
• Crimean War Monument, Sevastopol
• Lenin Monument, Kiev
• Friendship Arch, Kiev
• Lenin Statue, Kharkiv

• Crimea
• Expansionist
• Holodomor
• Russia
• Ukraine
• Ukrainian SSR
• USSR

Russia

• Iron Curtain Monument, Budapest
• Berlin Wall Memorial, Berlin
• Soviet Memorial, Berlin
• Freedom Square, Budapest
• Friendship Arch, Kiev

• Cold War
• Containment
• Eastern Bloc
• Iron Curtain
• Sphere of Influence
• USSR
• Yalta Conference of 1945

Russia

• NATO Headquarters, Brussels
• Presidential Palace, Warsaw
• Berlin Wall Memorial, Berlin
• Soviet Memorial, Berlin
• Freedom Square, Budapest
• Friendship Arch, Kiev

• Cold War
• Containment
• Eastern Bloc
• East Germany
• Iron Curtain
• NATO
• Sphere of Influence
• USSR
• West Germany

Greece

• Temple of Apollo, Delphi
• Athens Academy
• Athens Agora
• Socrates Prison, Athens

• Ancient Greece
• Justice
• Philosophy
• Piety
• Plato
• Platonic Dialogues
• Socrates
• Socratic Method
• Wisdom vs. Knowledge

Turkey

• Istanbul Archaeological Museum
• Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
• Hippodrome, Istanbul
• Damatrys Palace, Istanbul
• Great Palace, Istanbul
• Various Byzantine Museums, Greece
• Constantine the Great Statue, Vatican
• Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

• Byzantine Empire
• Byzantium
• Constantine the Great
• Constantinople
• Great Schism of 1054
• Hagia Sophia
• Ottoman Empire

Turkey

• Istanbul Archaeological Museum
• Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
• Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

• Byzantine Empire
• Byzantium
• Constantinople
• Great Schism of 1054
• Hagia Sophia
• Islam
• Justinian I
• Orthodox Christianity
• Ottoman Empire

Turkey

• Istanbul Archaeological Museum
• Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

• Byzantine Empire
• Byzantium
• Constantine XI
• Constantinople
• Hagia Sophia
• Islam
• Mehmed the Conqueror
• Ottoman Empire

Turkey

• St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican
• Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
• Church of St. George, Istanbul

• Apostolic
• Byzantine Empire
• Byzantium
• Constantinople
• Ecumenical
• Great Schism of 1054
• Hagia Sophia
• Ottoman Empire
• Papacy
• Patriarch
• Primacy

Costa Rica

• Monteverde Cloud Forest, Costa Rica

• el bosque nuboso cloud forest
• el bosque pluvial rainforest
• el carnívoro carnivore
• Clase Amphibia (anfibios) (amphibians)
• Clase Aves (aves) (birds)
• Clase Mammalia (mamíferos) (mammals)
• Clase Reptilia (reptiles) (reptiles)
• la elevación elevation
• esperanza de vida life expectancy
• la fauna y flora fauna and flora (animals and plants)
• el herbívero herbivore
• el largo length
• el nombre científico scientific name
• el omnívoro omnivore
• el peso weight
• Reino Animalia (animales) Animal Kingdom
• el río river
• la talla height
• el tamaño size
• la topografía topography

 

 

 

 

 

 

Austria

• Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna
• Austrian National Library, Vienna
• Hofburg Palace, Vienna
• Museum of Military History, Vienna
• Imperial Crypt, Vienna

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Austria-Hungary
• Bosnia
• Gavrilo Princip
• July Crisis
• Mobilization
• Serbia
• Ultimatum

 

Italy

• Basilica, Frombork, Poland
• Copernicus Monument, Warsaw
• Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence
• Museo Galileo, Florence

• Copernicus
• Galileo
• Geocentric Model
• Heliocentric Model
• Observation
• Scientific Method
• Scientific Revolution
• Universe

Russia

• Dostoevsky Museum, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Monument, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Station, St. Petersburg
• Nevsky Monastery, St. Petersburg
• Dostoevsky Monument, Moscow

• The Brothers Karamazov
• Dostoevsky
• Existentialism
• Inquisition
• Literary
• Naturalism
• St. Petersburg

 

Austria

• Vienna, Austria
• Berlin, Germany
• Monument Against War and Fascism, Vienna

• Anschluss
• Austria
• Chancellor
• Dollfuss
• Germany
• Hitler
• Mussolini
• Nazi
• Reich

Czech Republic

• Prague, Czech Republic
• Pinkas Synagogue, Prague
• Univ of Music and Arts, Munich
• Westminster Abbey, London

• Appeasement
• Chancellor
• Czechoslovakia
• Germany
• Hitler
• Mussolini
• Nazi
• Reich
• Sudetenland

Poland

• Kremlin, Moscow
• Monuments in Warsaw, Poland

• Germany
• Hitler
• Mussolini
• Nazi
• Pact
• Poland
• Reich
• Soviet

Poland

• Warsaw Nike Monument
• Warsaw Ghetto Monument

• Germany
• Hitler
• Mussolini
• Nazi
• Poland
• Reich

Costa Rica

• Monteverde Cloud Forest, Costa Rica

• el biólogo biologist
• el bosque nuboso cloud forest
• el cafetalero coffee grower
• cloud forest a tropical forest, often located near the peaks of coastal mountains, that usually has constant cloud cover throughout the year
• el conservacionista conservationalist
• el educador educator
• el finquero farmer
• el guía guide
• el investigador researcher
• el lechero milkman
• el operador de turismo tourism operator
• el pionero pioneer
• el técnico specialist

Costa Rica

• Monteverde Cloud Forest, Costa Rica

• la biodiversidad biodiversity
• el biólogo biologist
• el bosque nuboso cloud forest
• el cafetalero coffee grower
• el calentamiento global global warming
• el cambio climático climate change
• la conservación conservation
• el conservacionista conservationalist
• conservar to conserve
• la contaminación contamination
• el daño damage
• la deforestación deforestation
• el ecosistema ecosystem
• el ecoturismo ecotourism
• el educador educator
• la especie en peligro de extinción endangered species
• la extinción extinction
• extinguirse to become extinct, to die out
• el finquero farmer
• el guía guide
• el investigador researcher
• el lechero milkman
• el medio ambiente environment
• la naturaleza nature
• el operador de turismo tourism operator
• el pionero pioneer
• plantar to plant
• proteger to protect
• la reforestación reforestation
• el técnico specialist

 

 

 

Poland

• Auschwitz Concentration Camp

• Auschwitz
• Concentration Camp
• Extermination
• Final Solution
• Germany
• Hitler
• Nazi
• Reich
• Poland

France

• Maginot Line Hackenberg, Veckring
• Various forts along the Maginot Line
• Arc de Triomphe, Paris

• Alsace-Lorraine
• Defensive Fortifications
• Fall of France (1940)
• Fortress
• Maginot Line
• Marshall Petain

France

• Drancy Concentration Camp, Paris
• Memorial de la Shoah, Paris

• Drancy Transit Camp
• Fall of France (1940)
• Holocaust
• Occupied France 1940-44
• Vichy France

England

• Dunkirk Memorial and Museum
• Imperial War Museum, London
• Houses of Parliament, London

• British Expeditionary Force
• Dunkirk
• Fall of France (1940)
• House of Commons
• Winston Churchill

Germany

• Motherland Calls Statue, Volgograd
• Mus. Great Patriotic War, Moscow
• Kremlin, Moscow

• Blitzkrieg
• Leningrad
• Luftwaffe
• Operation Barbarossa
• Panzer
• Soviet Union
• Stalingrad

Russia

• Motherland Calls Statue, Volgograd
• Museum Great Patriotic War, Moscow
• Kremlin, Moscow

• Blitzkrieg
• Luftwaffe
• Operation Barbarossa
• Panzer
• Soviet Union
• Stalingrad

Germany

• Brandenburg Gate, Berlin
• Berlin Wall Memorial, Berlin

• Berlin Wall
• Cold War
• East Berlin
• East Germany
• Eastern Bloc
• Iron Curtain
• Sphere of Influence
• West Berlin
• West Germany

Germany

• Invalids’ Cemetery, Berlin
• Museum of the Great War, Péronne, France
• Remarque Peace Center, Osnabruck
• Remarque Institute, New York University

 

 

• Anti-war literature
• Erich Remarque
• Great War
• Western Front

Switzerland

• Dadahaus, Cabaret Voltaire, Zurich
• Dada Monument, Romania
• Guggenheim Museum, Venice
• Guggenheim Museum, New York
• Janco Dada Museum, Israel

• Avant-garde
• Bourgeois culture
• Cabaret Voltaire (Zurich)
• Dadaism
• Hugo Ball
• Interwar Europe
• Salvador Dali
• Weimar Germany

Italy

• Rome, Italy
• Berlin, Germany

• Adolf Hitler
• Axis powers
• Benito Mussolini
• Pact of Steel 1939

Italy

• Pompeii Ruins
• Herculaneum Ruins
• Archaeological Museum, Naples

• Conservation
• Herculaneum
• Patrician
• Plebian
• Pliny (Elder and Younger)
• Pompeii
• Pyroclastic cloud
• Vesuvius

Spain

• Dalí Theatre and Museum, Figures, Spain
• Dalí Universe, London
• Dalí Universe, Venice
• Museum of Modern Art, New York

• Avant-Garde
• Salvador Dalí
• Surrealism
• Vanguard

Italy

• Pompeii Ruins
• Herculaneum Ruins
• Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
• Archaeological Museum, Naples

• Conservation
• Dionysus (Bacchus)
• Fresco
• Herculaneum
• Mystery of the Villas
• Patrician
• Plebian
• Pliny (Elder and Younger)
• Pompeii
• Pyroclastic cloud
• Vesuvius

France

• Hemingway Memorial, Pamplona
• Hemingway Apartment, Paris
• Hemingway Monument, Cuba
• Hemingway Museum, Key West, FL
• Hemingway Memorial, Idaho
• JFK Library and Museum, Boston

• Hemingway
• Lost Generation
• The Sun Also Rises

Poland

• Schindler Museum, Krakow, Poland
• Schindler Memorial, Svitavy, Czech Republic
• Schindler Memorial, Frankfurt
• Schindler’s Grave, Jerusalem
• Jewish Museum, Berlin
• Auschwitz Concentration Camp

• Auschwitz
• Concentration Camp
• Extermination
• Final Solution
• Germany
• Hitler
• Nazi
• Oskar Schindler
• Schindler Jews

Holy Land

• Islamic Cultural Center, Madrid, Spain
• Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
• Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
• Various Mosques around the world

• Allah
• Five Pillars
• Islam
• Mohammad
• Muslim
• Ramadan
• Quran

 

Italy

• Louvre Museum, Paris
• Museo Leonardo da Vinci, Florence
• Galleria Michelangelo, Florence
• Accademia Museum, Florence
• Leonardo Museum, Milan
• Museo Leonardiano, Vinci
• Uffizi Museum, Florence

• Apprentice
• Florentine
• Leonardo
• Renaissance

Holy Land

• Islamic Cultural Center, Madrid, Spain
• Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
• Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
• Various mosques around the world

• Allah
• Five Pillars
• Islam
• Mohammad
• Muslim
• Prophet
• Ramadan
• Quran

 

Italy

• Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

• Florentine
• Leonardo
• Renaissance

France

• Louvre Museum, Paris
• Prado Museum, Madrid
• St. Ursula Convent, Florence

 

• Florentine
• Leonardo
• Louvre Museum
• Mona Lisa
• Renaissance

Scandinavia

• Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway
• Leif Lucky Bridge, Grindavik, Iceland
• L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland
• Leif Erikson Statue, Reykjavik, Iceland

• Erik the Red
• Greenland
• Iceland
• Leif Erikson
• Norway
• Sagas
• Vikings

Ireland

• St. Brendan Monument, Fenit
• Fenit Church, County Kerry
• St. Brendan Statue, Cahersiveen
• St. Brendan’s Cathedral, Clonfert
• Sculpture of St. Brendan, Bantry
• Open Air Museum, County Clare

• Christianity
• Irish National Identity
• Legend
• St. Brendan
• Voyage

 

France

• Museum of the Great War, Peronne
• Somme Battlefield
• Thiepval Memorial, Somme Battlefield

• Breakthrough
• British Expeditionary Force
• General Haig
• Great War
• Somme
• Western Front

Italy

• Ancient Roman Ruins, Rome
• Palatine Hill, Rome

• Cassius Dio
• Lyre
• Nero
• Rome
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Suetonius
• Tacitus

Germany

• Charlemagne Statue, Paris
• Aachen Cathedral, Aachen, Germany

• Aachen (also known as Aix-la-Chapelle)
• Carolingian
• Charlemagne
• Franks
• Holy Roman Empire
• Imperial
• Lombards
• Moors

England

• Woodhouse Cemetery, Leeds
• National Archives, Kew, London

• Child Labor
• Industrial Revolution
• Michael Sadler
• Proletariat
• Victorian

England

• Chelsea Old Church
• Tower of London
• Chapel of St. Peter Ad Vincula
• Roper House, Canterbury
• Westminster Hall

• Anne Boleyn
• Arranged marriage
• Chancellor
• King Henry VIII
• Thomas More
• Treason

Greece

• Alexander Statue, Skopje, Macedonia
• Alexandria, Egypt
• Alexander Sarcophagus, Istanbul
• Archeological Museum, Naples
• Alexander Artifacts in Various Museums

• Alexander the Great
• Ancient Greece
• Aristotle
• Hellenistic
• Mosaic

Spain

• Various Monuments in Spain
• Hannibal Monument, Gebze, Turkey
• Carthage

• Carthage
• Hannibal
• Iberian Peninsula
• Phoenicia
• Punic
• Roman Senate
• Scipio Africanus the elder
• Scipio Africanus the younger

England

• Anne of Cleves House, Lewes
• Westminster Abbey
• Kleve, Germany

 

• Anne of Cleves
• Arranged marriage
• Consummated
• King Henry VIII

England

• Poet’s Corner, Westminster Abbey
• Windsor Castle
• Bateman’s House, East Sussex

• Imperialism
• Rudyard Kipling
• Scramble for Africa
• Social Darwinism
• The White Man’s Burden

England

• Bath Abbey, Bath

• Demographics
• Food Supplies
• Malthus
• Population

italy

• Republic of San Marino

• City-state
• Constitution
• Microstate
• Republic
• San Marino

Italy

• Parmigiano Reggiano Factory, Parma
• Musei Parmigiano Reggiano, Soragna
• Various places in Emilia Romagna

• Parmigiano-Reggiano
• Rennet
• Trademark

France

• Hall of Mirrors, Versailles

• Clemenceau
• Great War
• Lloyd George
• Reparations
• Self-Determination
• Versailles
• War Guilt
• Woodrow Wilson

France

• Normandy Beaches
• American Cemetery in Normandy

• Amphibious Landings
• Atlantic Wall
• D-Day 06 Jun 1944
• Operation Overlord
• Strategy

France

• Memorial to the Liberation of Paris

• Cultural
• French Resistance
• Liberation
• Strategy
• Surrender

France

• Bastogne Historical Center, Belgium
• Patton Monument
• Mardasson American War Memorial
• Bastogne War Museum

• Ardennes Forest
• Bastogne
• Battle of the Bulge
• Flanking Maneuver
• George Patton
• Strategy
• 3rd Army
• 101st Airborne

England

• Church of St. Peter ad Vincula
• Tower of London

• Anne Boleyn
• Annulment
• English Reformation
• King Henry VIII

England

• Church of St. Peter ad Vincula
• Tower of London
• Middlesex Guildhall, London

• Edward VI
• Lady Jane Grey
• Mary I
• Succession

England

• Westminster Abbey
• Protestant Martyrs Monument, Devon
• Martyrs Memorial, Stratford Broadway
• Other Memorials around England

• Catholic Reformation
• Mary I
• Succession
• Tudor

France

• Palace of Versailles, France
• Lafayette Statue, Paris
• Crillon Hotel, Paris
• Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris
• Statue of Lafayette and Washington, Paris
• Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

• Absolutist
• American Revolution
• Battle of Saratoga
• Colonials
• Franco-American Alliance 1778
• Lafayette
• Louis XVI
• Statue of Liberty
• Treaty
• Washington

France

• Museum of the Great War, Peronne
• Palace of Versailles
• Palais des Nations, Geneva
• Avenue Woodrow Wilson, Paris

• Clemenceau
• Fourteen Points
• German War Guilt
• Great War
• League of Nations
• Reparations
• Self-Determination
• Treaty of Versailles 1919
• Woodrow Wilson

Germany

• City of Peace, Muenster, Germany
• Hall of Peace, Muenster, Germany
• National Gallery, London, UK

• Catholic
• Germanic Lands
• Peasants
• Protestant
• Reformation
• Thirty Years War
• Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

France

• Flanders Fields Museum, Ypres (Belg)
• Ypres / Passchendaele Battlefield
• Passchendaele Museum, Ypres
• Poet’s Corner, Westminster Abbey
• Imperial War Museum, London

• Chemical Warfare
• Chlorine gas
• Great War
• Mustard gas
• Trench Warfare
• Western Front
• Wilfred Owen